The idea of generating approximate copies of an arbitrary quantum state was conceived by Buzek and Hillery in their seminal work 4 with the proposal of universal quantum cloning machine. This no-go theorem, however, does not rule out the possibility of imperfect cloning. The impossibility to perfectly duplicate an unknown quantum state deterministically, known as the no-cloning theorem 1, lies at the heart of quantum information theory and guarantees the security of quantum cryptography 2, 3.
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